Literature
- Freeman, P. 1957a. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part III. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 5: 321-426.
- Kieffer, J.J. 1921b. Description de quelque Chironomides exotiques. Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles 40: 181-186.
- Pinder, L.C.V. and Reiss, F. 1986a. The pupae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. [ed.]: Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica scandinavica Supplement 28: 299-456.